
Health is a measure of quality of life that is difficult to define and measure.
In the 1940s, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
At the first International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada (1986), the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion built on the WHO’s concept and further defined health as “a resource for everyday life … a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities.”
Good health enables one to function independently within a changing environment.

Never-smokers with early stage lung cancer have significantly better survival than smokers with the disease.

A daily pinta or a helping of dairy foods protect against the clustering of abnormal body chemistry known as the metabolic syndrome, suggests a study in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health .

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading reason patients receive liver transplants today. Unfortunately, infection of the new liver by residual HCV in the blood is inevitable, and the immune system suppression crucial to prevent transplant rejection can worsen HCV-mediated disease in transplant patients.

Anemia is one of the most frequent complications of hemodialysis, and its correction is an important factor in restoring a tolerable quality of life to dialysis-dependent patients.

Scientists at the University of Bonn, together with colleagues from Romania, have discovered a gene variant that significantly increases the risk of developing gallstones (Hepatology No. 46, July 11, 2007, DOI 10.1002/hep.21847). It is estimated that one in ten Europeans has this variant in their hereditary disposition. For those affected, the likelihood of developing a gallstone in the course of their life is two to three times higher.

In the longest running study on how fish populations in coral reef systems recover from heavy exploitation, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and others have found that the fish can recover, but they need lots of time — decades in some cases. The study appears in a recent edition of the journal Ecological Applications.

Some people have a genetic variation that makes them more susceptible to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease if they smoke tobacco, according to new research from Wake Forest University School of Medicine and colleagues.

A startling discovery on the development of human embryonic stem cells by scientists at McMaster University will change how future research in the area is done.

A chemically-modified version of a mitochondrial toxin long used to control species of invasive fish in lakes has been found to selectively inhibit two “survival proteins? in cancer cells.

A UCSF-led team of researchers has found that larger HIV prevention programs in low and middle-income countries can increase efficiency and cause program unit costs to plummet. HIV prevention programs in Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Russia and India were examined.